
2022-09-13 15:02:14 來源:百科詳解 閱讀:
在國(guo)外(wai),端(duan)士(shi)阿利瓦(ALIVA)公司(si)于1992年(nian)研制出(chu)干(gan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)轉(zhuan)子式(shi)(shi)(shi)混(hun)凝(ning)土濕(shi)噴機。1947年(nian),聯邦德(de)國(guo)BSM公司(si)研制成雙罐式(shi)(shi)(shi)干(gan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)混(hun)凝(ning)土噴射(she)機。以后,英國(guo),前蘇聯,日本(ben)等相繼研制出(chu)各(ge)種干(gan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)混(hun)凝(ning)土噴射(she)機。
我國從60年代開始著(zhu)手研(yan)(yan)制混凝土噴射(she)設(she)備。先后研(yan)(yan)制出冶建-65型(冶金工(gong)業(ye)部建筑研(yan)(yan)究院(yuan)),PH30-74型(揚州機械廠),HLP-701型(煤炭(tan)科學研(yan)(yan)究院(yuan))等各種干工(gong)混凝土噴射(she)機。
干(gan)(gan)(gan)式(shi)混凝土(tu)噴(pen)射機(ji)的主要(yao)優(you)點是(shi)輸送距離長(chang),設備(bei)簡(jian)單(dan),耐用(yong)。但由(you)于(yu)它是(shi)使(shi)干(gan)(gan)(gan)拌和(he)混凝土(tu)噴(pen)嘴外與水混和(he),故而(er)施工(gong)(gong)粉塵,回彈均較大(da),干(gan)(gan)(gan)噴(pen)作(zuo)業產生(sheng)的粉塵危害(hai)工(gong)(gong)人健康,尤其是(shi)窗小巷道工(gong)(gong)程中。粉塵污染更為嚴(yan)重。
從60年代起在(zai),在(zai)西方發(fa)達國家中,濕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)噴(pen)技術(shu)開(kai)始(shi)逐漸(jian)推行,各種濕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)式(shi)混(hun)(hun)凝土噴(pen)射(she)(she)機(ji)也(ye)陸續開(kai)發(fa)出來,所謂濕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)噴(pen),其基(ji)本原理是將加水攪拌好的成品混(hun)(hun)凝土加入濕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)式(shi)噴(pen)射(she)(she)機(ji),輸送至噴(pen)嘴處(chu),經摻加速(su)凝劑(ji)后形成料束噴(pen)至施工面(mian)。濕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)式(shi)混(hun)(hun)凝土噴(pen)射(she)(she)機(ji)有兩種類型(xing),一種是普通臥式(shi)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)噴(pen)機(ji)(小型(xing)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)噴(pen)機(ji)),一種為移動式(shi)噴(pen)射(she)(she)混(hun)(hun)凝土機(ji)組(zu)(簡稱濕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)噴(pen)機(ji)械手)。
在國(guo)內,目前由于(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)種(zhong)(zhong)原因,干噴(pen)機(ji)仍是(shi)主(zhu)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)噴(pen)射(she)作(zuo)業(ye)設備。但是(shi)隨著人們環保意識的(de)(de)(de)增強以及對噴(pen)射(she)混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)質量要(yao)求(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)提(ti)高,已(yi)有(you)越來越多的(de)(de)(de)濕式(shi)混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)噴(pen)射(she)機(ji)進(jin)入(ru)使用。濕噴(pen)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)選擇(ze)是(shi)實(shi)施濕式(shi)噴(pen)射(she)混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)關(guan)鍵,隨著機(ji)械(xie)(xie)化程度的(de)(de)(de)不斷提(ti)高,選擇(ze)噴(pen)射(she)速度快、機(ji)械(xie)(xie)化程度高、回彈率低的(de)(de)(de)大型(xing)噴(pen)射(she)混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)機(ji)械(xie)(xie)手已(yi)成為鐵(tie)路(lu)、公路(lu)及水(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)隧道(dao)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)流(liu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi),也使噴(pen)射(she)作(zuo)業(ye)進(jin)入(ru)現代(dai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)化時代(dai)。
濕噴機械手的優點,概括起來,濕噴機械手主要優點是:
(1)混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)質(zhi)量好:濕噴(pen)混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)配合比(bi)易于(yu)控(kong)制,施工(gong)時,濕噴(pen)的混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)按生產工(gong)藝(yi)生產后運至濕噴(pen)機(ji)(ji)進行(xing)噴(pen)射,其配合比(bi)完(wan)全處于(yu)受控(kong)狀態,從而保(bao)證了噴(pen)混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)的質(zhi)量。干噴(pen)的混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)質(zhi)量不易控(kong)制,干噴(pen)時,混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)的水(shui)灰(hui)比(bi)是由噴(pen)射手根據經(jing)驗及肉眼(yan)觀查來(lai)進行(xing)調(diao)節(jie)的,混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)的品質(zhi)在很大程度(du)(du)上取(qu)決于(yu)機(ji)(ji)手操作正確(que)與否。機(ji)(ji)械手噴(pen)射混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)附著(zhu)力較好、密實度(du)(du)較高,強度(du)(du)較傳統(tong)濕噴(pen)混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)高出(chu)20%左右;
(2)大大降低(di)了機旁(pang)和噴(pen)(pen)(pen)嘴外的(de)(de)粉塵濃(nong)度,消除了對工人健康的(de)(de)危(wei)害。干噴(pen)(pen)(pen)噴(pen)(pen)(pen)嘴旁(pang)粉塵濃(nong)度高,而濕噴(pen)(pen)(pen)噴(pen)(pen)(pen)嘴旁(pang)粉塵較潮噴(pen)(pen)(pen)噴(pen)(pen)(pen)嘴旁(pang)粉塵濃(nong)度低(di)。干噴(pen)(pen)(pen)混凝土施(shi)工時(shi),往往由于粉塵濃(nong)度及其他原因,造(zao)成隧道(dao)內能見(jian)度低(di),客觀上使(shi)操(cao)作人員(yuan)只講(jiang)噴(pen)(pen)(pen)射數量(liang)(liang),而忽視(shi)噴(pen)(pen)(pen)射質量(liang)(liang)使(shi)噴(pen)(pen)(pen)混凝土的(de)(de)質量(liang)(liang)不穩定,浪費很大;
(3)生產率(lv)高。干式混(hun)(hun)凝土(tu)噴(pen)(pen)射(she)機(ji)一般不超(chao)過(guo)5m³/h;小(xiao)型(xing)濕(shi)噴(pen)(pen)機(ji)作(zuo)業時單(dan)臺(tai)噴(pen)(pen)射(she)量小(xiao)于4m³/h;機(ji)械手噴(pen)(pen)混(hun)(hun)凝土(tu)噴(pen)(pen)射(she)量達(da)到(dao)15~30m3/小(xiao)時,相當于十多臺(tai)小(xiao)型(xing)噴(pen)(pen)射(she)機(ji)同(tong)時作(zuo)業,其作(zuo)業效率(lv)可見而(er)知;
(4)回(hui)彈(dan)(dan)度低。回(hui)彈(dan)(dan)率(lv)(lv)(lv)低,能有(you)效控制成本,干噴(pen)(pen)(pen)回(hui)彈(dan)(dan)率(lv)(lv)(lv)達35%~50%據北京城鐵l4標(biao)段噴(pen)(pen)(pen)混(hun)凝土測試),普通濕噴(pen)(pen)(pen)機(ji)回(hui)彈(dan)(dan)率(lv)(lv)(lv)為20%左右,而濕噴(pen)(pen)(pen)機(ji)機(ji)械(xie)手(shou)回(hui)彈(dan)(dan)率(lv)(lv)(lv)可控制在15%以(yi)內(nei)。所以(yi)濕噴(pen)(pen)(pen)的生產成本低,效益高;
(5)機械機械化(hua)程度高(gao),操作(zuo)人(ren)員較少,操作(zuo)人(ren)員勞動強度低(di);
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